AI Tarafından Üretilen Diller Bilimsel Edebiyatı Kirlilik İçine Sürüklüyor

Fransa ve Rusya’dan araştırmacılar, GPT-3 gibi AI sürücüleri olasılıksal metin üreticilerinin ‘işkence görmüş dil’, var olmayan literatür referansları ve kredisi verilmeyen resim yeniden kullanımını daha önce saygın yeni bilimsel literatür yayın kanallarına sokmaya başladığını gösteren bir çalışma yayınladılar.

Belki de en endişe verici olan şey, incelenen makalelerin aynı zamanda bilimsel olarak yanlış veya tekrarlanamayan içeriği nesnel ve sistematik araştırma ürünleri olarak sunmasıdır, bu da generatif dil modellerinin yalnızca yazarların sınırlı İngilizce becerilerini güçlendirmek için değil, aynı zamanda zor işi yapmak (ve her zaman kötü yapmak) için kullanıldığını gösteriyor.

Rapor, İşkence Görmüş Cümleler: Bilimdeki Şüpheli Yazım Tarzı adıyla, Toulouse Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Bilimi Bölümü’nden araştırmacılar ve Tel Aviv Üniversitesi’ndeki Yandex araştırmacısı Alexander Magazinov tarafından derlenmiştir.

Çalışma, özellikle Elsevier Dergisi Mikroişlemciler ve Mikro Sistemler‘deki anlamsız AI tarafından üretilen bilimsel yayınlarda büyümeye odaklanıyor.

Her Şey Bir Başka İsimle

GPT-3 gibi otoregresif dil modelleri, büyük miktarda veri üzerinde eğitilir ve bu katkıda bulunan verilerin doğal konuşma ve yazma kalıplarını koruyarak, özgün niyetini koruyarak, paraphrase, özetleme, birleştirme ve yorumlama için tasarlanır.

Bu çerçeveler, model eğitim aşamasında doğrudan ve “emilmemiş” olarak orijinal verilerin geri verilmesi için sık sık cezalandırılır, bu nedenle sentetik dil modellerini üretmek için eşanlamlılar ararlar – iyi kurulmuş ifadeler için bile.

Araştırmacılar tarafından ortaya çıkarılan görünüşte AI tarafından oluşturulan / yardım edilen bilimsel gönderiler, makine öğrenimi sektöründe bilinen ifadeler için yaratıcı sentetiklerin olağanüstü sayıda başarısız girişimini içerir:

Derin Sinir Ağı: Derin Sinir Organizasyonu
Yapay Sinir Ağı: (Sahte | Taklit) Sinir Organizasyonu
Hareketli Ağ: Esnek Organizasyon
Ağ Saldırısı: Organizasyon (Pusu | Saldırı)
Ağ Bağlantısı: Organizasyon Bağlantısı
Büyük Veri: (Büyük | Devasa | Muazzam | Dev) Bilgi
Veri Ambarı: Bilgi (Stok Odası | Dağıtım Merkezi)
Yapay Zeka (AI): (Sahte | İnsan Yapımı) Bilinç
Yüksek Performanslı Hesaplama: Üst Düzey Hesaplama
Sis / Sis / Bulut Bilişim: Sis Hesaplama
Grafik İşleme Birimi (GPU): Tasarım Hazırlama Birimi
Merkezi İşlem Birimi (CPU): Merkezi Hazırlama Birimi
İş Akışı Motoru: İş Süreci Motoru
Yüz Tanıma: Yüz Tanıma
Ses Tanıma: Konuşma Tanıma
Ortalama Kare Hatası: Ortalama Kare (Hata | Yanlış)
Ortalama Mutlak Hata: Ortalama (Kesin | Üstün) (Hata | Yanlış)
Sinyal Gürültü Oranı: (Hareket | İşaret | Gösterge | Sinyal) Gürültü Oranı
Genel Parametreler: Küresel Parametreler
Rastgele Erişim: (Rastgele | Düzensiz) Erişim
Rastgele Orman: (Rastgele | Düzensiz) Orman
Rastgele Değer: Rastgele Değer
Karıncalar Kolonisi: Alt Yer Karıncaları (Bölge | İl | Alan | Bölge | Yerleşim)
Karıncalar Kolonisi: Alt Yer Haşereleri (Bölge | İl | Alan | Bölge | Yerleşim)
Kalan Enerji: Kalan Enerji
Kinetik Enerji: Hareket Enerjisi
Naif Bayes: (İnançlı | Masum | Aldatılmış) Bayes
Kişisel Dijital Asistan (PDA): Kişisel Bilgisayarlı İşbirliği

Mayıs 2021’de araştırmacılar, bu tür bozulmuş, otomatik dili aramak için Dimensions akademik arama motorunu sorguladı, geçerli ifadeleri gibi ‘büyük bilgi’ (bu, ‘büyük veri’ için geçerli bir ifadedir ve başarısız bir sentez değildir) gibi geçerli ifadeleri dışlamak için özen gösterdiler. Bu noktada, Mikroişlemciler ve Mikro Sistemler‘in bu tür yanlış paraphrasing’in en yüksek sayısına sahip olduğunu gözlemlediler.

Şu anda, ‘derin sinir organizasyonu’ (yani ‘derin sinir ağı’) gibi anlamsız cümleler için bir dizi bilimsel makaleyi hala alabilirsiniz (arşiv kaydı, 15/07/2021) ve yukarıdaki listedeki diğerleri benzer sonuçlar verir.

Dimensions’da ‘derin sinir organizasyonu’ (‘derin sinir ağı’) arama sonuçları. Kaynak: https://app.dimensions.ai/

Mikroişlemciler dergisi 1976 yılında kuruldu ve iki yıl sonra Mikroişlemciler ve Mikro Sistemler olarak yeniden adlandırıldı.

Anlamsız Dilin Büyümesi

Araştırmacılar, Şubat 2018’den Haziran 2021’e kadar süren bir dönemi incelediler ve son iki yıl içinde gönderilerin hacminde keskin bir artış ve özellikle son 6-8 ayda bir artış gözlemlediler:

<img class="wp-image-176627 size-full" src="https://www.unite.ai/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/microprocessors_rise_in_volume.jpg" alt="Korelasyon mu yoksa neden sonuç mu? Mikroişlemciler ve Mikro Sistemler dergisine gönderilerin artışı, anlamsız metin ve sentezlerin görünüşte saygın gönderilerde artmasıyla birlikte görünüyor. Kaynak: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.06751.pdf” width=”1153″ height=”411″ /> Korelasyon mu yoksa neden sonuç mu? Mikroişlemciler ve Mikro Sistemler dergisine gönderilerin artışı, anlamsız metin ve sentezlerin görünüşte saygın gönderilerde artmasıyla birlikte görünüyor. Kaynak: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.06751.pdf

Nihai veri kümesi, Toulouse Üniversitesi’nden 1.078 tam uzunlukta makaleyi içerir.

Çinli Bilimsel Makaleler için Azalan Editöryal Denetim

Makale, 2021’de işaret edilen gönderiler için editöryal değerlendirme süresi radikal bir şekilde kısalırken, 40 günden az bir süreye düşerken, Şubat 2021’den itibaren peer review için standard sürenin altı katına düşüşünü gözlemliyor.

En fazla sayıda bayraklı makale, Çin anakarasındaki kuruluşlarla bağlantılı yazarlardan geliyor: 30 günden az sürede kabul edilen 404 makaleden %97,5’i Çin ile ilgiliydi. Buna karşılık, editöryal sürecin 40 günden fazla sürdüğü durumlarda (615 makale), Çin’e bağlı gönderiler bu kategoride yalnızca %9,5’ini temsil ediyordu – on katlık bir dengesizlik.

Rapor, bayraklı makalelerin sızmasına, editöryal sürecin yetersizliğine ve artan sayıda gönderi karşısında olası kaynak eksikliğine atfediyor.

Araştırmacılar, GPT tarzı generatif modellerin ve benzeri dil oluşturma çerçevelerinin, bayraklı makalelerin çoğunu üretmek için kullanıldığını varsayıyorlar; ancak, bir generatif modelin kaynaklarını soyutlaması, bunu kanıtlamayı zorlaştırıyor ve ana kanıtlar, kötü ve gereksiz sentezlerin ve bir gönderinin mantıksal tutarlılığının titiz bir incelemesinin ortak sentido değerlendirmesinde yatıyor.

Araştırmacılar, bu anlamsız dilleri üreten generatif dil modellerinin, yalnızca sorunlu metinleri oluşturmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda onları sistematik olarak tanıyıp bayraklayabildiğini de gözlemliyorlar, tıpkı araştırmacıların kendilerinin elle yaptığı gibi. Çalışma, GPT-2 kullanarak böyle bir uygulamayı detaylandırıyor ve gelecekteki sistemlerin sorunlu bilimsel gönderileri tanımlamak için bir çerçeve sunuyor.

Kirlenmiş gönderilerin oranı, incelenen diğer dergilerle (en fazla %13,6) kıyasla Elsevier dergisinde ( %72,1) çok daha yüksektir.

Yalnızca Anlam Değil

Araştırmacılar, birçok derginin yalnızca yanlış dili kullanmadığını, aynı zamanda bilimsel olarak yanlış ifadeler içerdiğini vurguluyor, bu da generatif dil modellerinin yalnızca sınırlı dil becerilerine sahip bilim insanlarının dil becerilerini geliştirmek için değil, aynı zamanda bazı temel teoremleri ve verileri formüle etmek için kullanıldığını gösteriyor.

Araştırmacılar, bazı durumlarda, daha iyi öncül çalışmaların ‘yeniden sentezlenmesi’ veya ‘döndürülmesi’nin, ‘yayınla ya da yok ol’ akademik araştırma kültürlerinin baskılarına cevap olarak ve belki de AI araştırmalarında küresel üstünlük için ulusal sıralamaları iyileştirmek amacıyla yapıldığını öne sürüyorlar.

<img class="wp-image-176628 size-full" src="https://www.unite.ai/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/GPT-detected-nonsense.jpg" alt="Gönderilen bir makalede anlamsız içerik. Bu durumda, araştırmacılar metnin, eşlik eden illüstrasyonun da alındığı bir EDN makalesinden ad hoc türetilmiş olduğunu, ancak orijinal içeriğin aşırı yeniden yazılması nedeniyle anlamsız hale geldiğini buldular.” width=”1155″ height=”223″ /> Gönderilen bir makalede anlamsız içerik. Bu durumda, araştırmacılar metnin, eşlik eden illüstrasyonun da alındığı bir EDN makalesinden ad hoc türetilmiş olduğunu, ancak orijinal içeriğin aşırı yeniden yazılması nedeniyle anlamsız hale geldiğini buldular.

Birkaç Elsevier makalesini analiz eden araştırmacılar, herhangi bir anlam çıkaramadıkları cümleler; var olmayan literatüre referanslar; formüllerde gerçekten görünmeyen değişkenlere ve teoremlere referanslar (dil tabanlı soyutlama veya ‘halüsinasyon‘u gösteren, görünüşte gerçek verilerin varlığını öneriyor); ve kaynakları without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without without 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